스위스는 암호화폐에 대해 세계에서 가장 관대한 나라 중 하나다. 은행이나 정부의 대응, 세금 관련, ICO나 암호화폐에 의한 투자 등에 국가적으로 규제가 없다. 그리고 스위스의 중앙은행은 부정적인 자세를 일관적으로 유지하고 있지만 국가 차원에서 암호화폐를 발행할 계획도 검토하고 있다. 검토 중인 법정 암호화폐는 ‘e-franc’이며, 조사위원회를 설치하여 도입 전반을 살펴볼 예정이라고 한다.
법정 암호화폐 ‘e-franc’ 발행에 대한 과제
스위스 연방이사회는 국민들에게 왜 국가 차원에서 담보가 필요한 암호화폐에 대해 정식으로 조사하는지 그 이유를 설명하고 있는데, 전자 상에서 프랑을 사용할 때 발생하는 법적 및 화폐적인 문제를 큰 과제로 인식하고 있었다.
국가적으로 암호화폐를 발행하는 것은 장점뿐 아니라 단점도 존재한다. 장점은 국내외의 투자가나 암호화폐 유저에게 암호화폐를 도입하도록 하여 스위스의 경제나 클립토네이션의 실적에 연결될 수 있다는 것이다.
반면 국가로서 법정 암호화폐를 발행하는 경우 확실한 담보와 국가로서의 신용성, 다운이나 부정합이 없는 시스템을 구성할 필요가 있다. 또 암호화폐의 리스크인 자금세탁이나 범죄이용을 엄격하게 감시할 수 없다면 국가로서의 신용도는 떨어지게 될 것이다.
그래서 스위스 연방이사회는 e-franc의 리스크와 기회를 조사하고 e-franc의 법적, 경제적, 재정적 측면을 확실하게 하기 위해 조사를 요청했다고 한다.
스위스 국민에게 법정 암호화폐의 발행은 방향 전환이라고 할 수 있다. 중앙은행은 암호화폐의 본질적인 리스크에 대해 경고하고 있다. 중앙은행은 ‘일반시민을 위해 디지털화한 법정화폐는 캐시리스(Cashless)의 효율적인 시스템을 확보하기 위해 필요하지 않다. 국민에게 장점이 없으며 재정 안정성에는 오히려 리스크가 된다’고 언급하면서 부정적 견해를 일관하고 있다.
그러나 중앙은행이 부정적 의견을 제시해도 스위스에서는 법정 암호화폐가 정식으로 발행될 가능성이 있는 상황이다. 법정 암호화폐의 발행을 계획하고 있는 나라는 크게 나누면 두 가지 경우로 볼 수 있다.
하나는 베네주엘라나 이란과 같이 경제 제재에 대한 대항 수단으로서 전자화폐를 발행하는 것이다. 또 하나는 국가로서의 발전이라기보다 암호화폐 시장의 열기를 토대로 하여 암호화폐 유저나 투자가를 자국 내에 머물게 한다는 목적에서다. 스위스는 후자에 기초해 e-franc의 발행을 검토하고 있다.
암호화폐 관련 사업이 증가하는 스위스
지역적으로 보면 스웨덴은 스위스와 동일한 조치를 취하고 있다. 스웨덴 국립은행은 캐시리스 사회를 장려하고 있고 자국 내에서도 반대의견은 없다. 상황은 다르지만 e-franc이 발행된다면 스웨덴도 따라가게 될 것이다.
스위스에서는 이미 200개 이상의 암호화폐 관련 스타트업이 존재한다. 그러나 이 스타트업들이 은행으로부터의 재정 지원 서비스를 얻기 위한 포괄적인 틀은 없다. 은행의 재정 지원이 없다는 것은 매우 큰 문제다. 스위스의 암호화폐 관련 사업은 수천 명의 인력을 채용하고 있고 성장 가능성이 매우 높지만 앞으로도 추가 자금을 필요로 하는 기업은 많을 것이다.
스위스의 금융시장감독국(FINMA)과 국립은행(SNB)은 이 문제의 해결책을 제시하기 위한 협상을 하고 있다. 국립은행은 암호화폐 관련 사업 중에서도 특히 스타트업에게 많은 ICO를 관리할 수 있는 명확한 규제가 없다는 이유로 암호화폐 관련 사업자에 대한 경계를 풀지 않는 측면이 강하다.
금융시장감독국이 명확한 규제안을 내면 스위스의 암호화폐 사업은 또다시 비약적으로 성장하게 될 것이다. 따라서 법정 암호화폐의 발행을 포함해 향후 스위스의 동향을 주목할 이유가 바로 여기에 있다.
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